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• The Battle of Zonchio
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Osmanlı-Venedik Savaşı 1499-1503

DİZİN

• Battle of Zonchio (Sapienza)
• Ottoman–Venetian wars
• Ottoman–Venetian War (1499–1503)
• Morean War (6th O-V War)
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SİTE İÇİ ARAMA

Ottoman-Venetian wars

Ottoman-Venetian wars (W)

The Ottoman–Venetian wars were a series of conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice that started in 1396 and lasted until 1718. It included:

Venice's participation in the Crusade of Nicopolis in 1396
A naval conflict in 1415-1419, which included the Battle of Gallipoli (1416)
The Siege of Thessalonica (1422-1430), with Venice active from 1423 on, resulting in the capture of Thessalonica by the Ottomans
The First Ottoman-Venetian War (1463-1479), resulting in the capture of Negroponte, Lemnos and Albania Veneta by the Ottomans
The Second Ottoman-Venetian War (1499-1503), resulting in the capture of the Venetian strongholds in the Morea (Peloponnese) by the Ottomans
The Third Ottoman-Venetian War (1537-1540), resulting in the capture of the Cyclades except Tinos, the Sporades and the last Venetian strongholds in the Morea (Peloponnese) by the Ottomans
The Fourth Ottoman-Venetian War (1570-1573), resulting in the capture of Cyprus by the Ottomans, and the defeat of their fleet in the Battle of Lepanto (1571)
The Fifth Ottoman-Venetian War or the Cretan War (1645-1669), resulting in the capture of Crete by the Ottomans
The Sixth Ottoman-Venetian War or the Morean War (1684-1699), resulting in the capture of the Morea (Peloponnese), Lefkada, Aigina and parts of Dalmatia by Venice and the end of Ottoman dominance in the eastern Mediterranean Sea
The Seventh and last Ottoman-Venetian War (1714-1718) (also called the Second Morean War), resulting in the recapture of the Morea (Peloponnese) and of Tinos and Aigina, the last Venetian holdings in the Aegean, by the Ottomans

Ottoman-Venetian War 1499-1503

Ottoman-Venetian War 1499-1503 (W)

The Flagship of Kemal Reis.

Date	1499-1503
Location	Adriatic, Ionian and Aegean Seas
Result	Ottoman victory
Territorial changes	Venetian strongholds of Modon and Coron fall to the Ottomans; Cephalonia and Ithaca to Venice

Belligerents

Republic of Venice
Castile and Aragon

Ottoman Empire

Commanders and leaders

Antonio Grimani
Gonzalo de Córdoba

Kemal Reis
Feriz Beg

The Second Ottoman-Venetian War was fought between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice for control of the lands that were contested between the two parties in the Aegean Sea, Ionian Sea and the Adriatic Sea. The war lasted from 1499 to 1503.

The Turks, under the command of Admiral Kemal Reis, were victorious and forced the Venetians to recognize their gains in 1503.

The war

The Battle of Zonchio.

1499

In January 1499, Kemal Reis set sail from Constantinople with a force of 10 galleys and 4 other types of ships, and in July 1499 met with the huge Ottoman fleet and took over its command in order to wage a large-scale war against the Republic of Venice. The Ottoman fleet consisted of 67 galleys, 20 galliots and about 200 smaller vessels. In August 1499, Kemal Reis defeated the Venetian navy under the command of Antonio Grimani at the Battle of Zonchio (also known as the Battle of Sapienza or the First Battle of Lepanto). It was the first naval battle in history with cannons used on ships, and took place on four separate days: on August 12, 20, 22 and 25, 1499. After reaching the Ionian Sea with the large Ottoman fleet, Kemal Reis encountered the Venetian fleet of 47 galleys, 17 galliots and about 100 smaller vessels under the command of Antonio Grimani near Cape Zonchio and won an important victory. During the battle, Kemal Reis sank the galley of Andrea Loredan, a member of the influential Loredan family of Venice. Antonio Grimani was arrested on 29 September but was eventually released. Grimani later became the Doge of Venice in 1521. The Ottoman Sultan Bayezid II gifted 10 of the captured Venetian galleys to Kemal Reis, who stationed his fleet at the island of Cefalonia between October and December 1499.

Ottoman incursions into inland Dalmatia also started in 1499, under command of Isa Pasha and Feriz Beg.

1500

In December 1499, the Venetians attacked Lepanto with the hope of regaining their lost territories in the Ionian Sea. Kemal Reis set sail from Cefalonia and re-took Lepanto from the Venetians. He stayed in Lepanto between April and May 1500, where his ships were repaired by an army of 15,000 Ottoman craftsmen brought from the area. From there, Kemal Reis set sail and bombarded the Venetian ports on the island of Corfu, and in August 1500 he once again defeated the Venetian fleet at the Battle of Modon. Kemal Reis bombarded the fortress of Modon from the sea and captured the town. He later engaged with the Venetian fleet off the coast of Coron and captured the town along with a Venetian brigantine. From there Kemal Reis sailed towards the Island of Sapientza (Sapienza) and sank the Venetian galley Lezza. In September 1500, Kemal Reis assaulted Voiussa and in October he appeared at Cape Santa Maria on the Island of Lefkada, before ending the campaign and returning to Constantinople in November. With the Battle of Modon, the Turkish fleet and army quickly overwhelmed most of the Venetian possessions in Greece. Modon and Coron, the "two eyes of the Republic", were lost. Doge Agostino Barbarigo asked the Pope and the Catholic Monarchs for help, and on 24 December a Spanish–Venetian army commanded by Gonzalo de Córdoba took Cephalonia, temporarily stopping the Ottoman offensive on eastern Venetian territories.

1501-1503

The Ottoman incursions in Dalmatia escalated to the point where Venice was forced to sign a treaty with Vladislaus II of Hungary and Pope Alexander VI by which they pledged 140,000 ducats a year for the Kingdom of Hungary to actively defend its southern Croatian territories, which aided the defence of Venetian Dalmatia, signed after long negotiations on 13 May 1501. In 1501 Feriz Beg captured Durazzo in Venetian Albania.

By the end of 1502, Venice and the Ottoman Empire agreed on an armistice. On 31 January 1503, Venice signed another treaty with Vladislaus II, having already paid 124,000 ducats through the previous treaty, to pay 30,000 ducats a year for the same purpose.

In 1503, Turkish cavalry raids reached Venetian territory in Northern Italy, and Venice was forced to recognize the Ottoman gains, ending the war.

The economy of the Venetian cities in Dalmatia was severely impacted by the Turkish occupation of the hinterland during this war.

Aftermath

By September 1510, Vladislaus had received a total of 116,000 ducats under the terms of the second treaty with Venice. After 1508, he had also been under pressure from the League of Cambrai to join them against Venice, but skillful Venetian diplomacy prevented that.

Battle of Zonchio (Sapienza)

The Battle of Zonchio (1499), by an unknown Venetian artist (British Museum).

Battle of Zonchio

Battle of Zonchio (W)

The naval Battle of Zonchio (Turkish: Sapienza Deniz Muharebesi, also known as the Battle of Sapienza or the First Battle of Lepanto) took place on four separate days: 12, 20, 22 and 25 August 1499. It was a part of the Ottoman-Venetian War of 1499-1503.

In January 1499 Kemal Reis set sail from Constantinople with a force of 10 galleys and 4 other types of ships, and in July 1499 met with the huge Ottoman fleet which was sent to him by Davud Pasha and took over its command in order to wage a large scale war against the Republic of Venice. The Ottoman fleet consisted of 67 galleys, 20 galliots, and about 200 smaller vessels.

After reaching Cape Zonchio in the Ionian Sea with the large Ottoman fleet in August 1499, Kemal Reis defeated the Venetian fleet of 47 galleys, 17 galliots, and about 100 smaller vessels under the command of Antonio Grimani. Grimani was 65 and although he was a proven captain in battle, he was not an experienced leader and had never commanded large battle fleets. He had only been given command because of a donation of 16,000 ducats to the state and personally funding the arming of 10 galleys. He was not told whether to fight an offensive or defensive campaign. Many captains ignored his orders to attack the Ottomans and he did not take part in the battle. His indecisiveness and reluctance to attack led to failure during the battle.

On the second day, Grimani ordered the crews to kill any captains who refused to fight. Despite this, and the arrival of four French galleys, he sent just two galleys out of 170 against the Ottomans. Both somehow returned unharmed.

On 25 August the Venetians captured some Ottoman galleys, then discipline broke down and the Ottomans recaptured the vessels while they were being looted; the French reinforcements abandoned the Venetians in disgust and fled to Rhodes.

During the most critical stage of the battle, two Venetian carracks, captained by Andrea Loredan (a member of the influential Loredan family of Venice, and cousin of the future doge Leonardo Loredan) and by Alban d'Armer, boarded one of the command ships of the Ottoman fleet. The commander of the vessel, Burak Reis, was unable to disentangle his ship from the boarders and chose to set her aflame. The sight of the three great ships burning together dealt a severe blow to the Venetian morale.

Antonio Grimani was arrested on 29 September and banished to the island of Cherso. Grimani later became the Doge of Venice in 1521. The Ottoman Sultan Bayezid II gave 10 of the captured Venetian galleys to Kemal Reis, who later stationed his fleet at the island of Cefalonia between October and December 1499.

The Ottomans and Venetians soon confronted each other for a second time at the Second Battle of Lepanto, which is also known as the Battle of Modon, and the Ottomans were victorious under Kemal Reis.

Morean War (Sixth Ottoman-Venetian War)

Morean War

Morean War (1684-1699) (W)

The Morean War (Italian: Guerra di Morea) is the better-known name for the Sixth Ottoman-Venetian War. The war was fought between 1684-1699, as part of the wider conflict known as the "Great Turkish War", between the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire. Military operations ranged from Dalmatia to the Aegean Sea, but the war's major campaign was the Venetian conquest of the Morea (Peloponnese) peninsula in southern Greece. On the Venetian side, the war was fought to avenge the loss of Crete in the Cretan War (1645-1669), while the Ottomans were entangled in their northern frontier against the Habsburgs and were unable to concentrate their forces against the Republic. As such, the Morean War was the only Ottoman-Venetian conflict from which Venice emerged victorious, gaining significant territory. Venice’s expansionist revival would be short-lived, as its gains would be reversed by the Ottomans in 1718.

📹 Ottoman-Venetian War (Battle of the Oinousses Islands) (VİDEO)

📹 Ottoman-Venetian War (Battle of the Oinousses Islands) (LINK)

Battle of the Oinousses Islands

The battle took place near Oinousses Islands in 9 February 1695. It is part of Sixth Ottoman-Venetian war. In the long struggle to incorporate Greek mainland and archipelago into these two nations. The Republic of Venice sent a fleet consisting of 21 Sailing Ship, 21 Galleys and 5 Galeasses, totalling 47 Ship led by Admiral Giovanni Antonio Zeno. While Ottoman fleet consist of 20 Sailing Ship and 24 Galleys, totalling 44 Ship under Mezzomorto Hüseyin Pasha. In the previous month, the venetians had successfully taken & occupy the island of Chios. During the battle the Venetians lost 3 Ship (blewed up) and 1 ship badly damaged. While the Ottomans suffer 2 Ship badly damaged. This Ottoman victory forced the Venetians to abandon Island of Chios. The northern land battle with Habsburg and Poland were disastrous for the Ottomans. In 1699, Treaty of Karlowitz was signed, mediated by Dutch and England. As a result Ottoman lost Peloponnese and gained Cyprus from Venetian.